Abbreviations and short references

Lewysohn's book has no list of abbreviations. This table is built from the abbreviations as they occur and reviewed by hand. Sources and bibliography stay as printed in the English, and a program adds the expansion after the first use; general German abbreviations are translated (→). Basis: Vorrede = from Lewysohn's preface; standard; general knowledge; guess = not certain, check.

Abbreviation	Expansion	Kind	Basis	Pages
a. a. O.	am angeführten Orte: in the place cited → loc. cit.	General	standard	94, 114, 148, 149, 7, 9
A. Sara	Avodah Zarah	Primary source	standard	70, 73, 85, 90, 91, 99, 105, 114, 139, 141, 143, 146, 147, 151, 3, 17, 20, 21, 22, 26, 31, 41, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 57, 62, 30, XII
Allg. Ztg. d. Judenth.	Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums (Leipzig, from 1837)	Bibliography	standard	scan0007
angef.	angeführt: cited → cited	General	standard	70, 140, 8, 26
Anm.	Anmerkung: note → note	General	standard	72, 89, 106, 112, 131, 101, 123, 126, 24, 26, 27, 29, 32, 35, 39, 45, 46, 47, 48, 63, scan0015, 3, 9, 31, 34, 53, 61, VIII, IX
Anmerk.	Anmerkung: note → note	General	standard	57
Arab.	Arabischen: Arabic → Arabic	General	standard	IX
arab.	arabisch: Arabic → Arabic	General	standard	66, 136, 149, 34
aram.	aramäisch: Aramaic → Aramaic	General	standard	94, 96, scan0015, 30, 41, 54, 34, 38
Arist.	Aristotle	Primary source	standard	70, 73, 81, 9
Art.	Artikel: article (a § of this book) → article	General	standard	71, 66, 67, 73, 75, 76, 77, 86, 88, 90, 94, 104, 110, 122, 130, 24, 27, 49
B. batra	Bava Batra	Primary source	standard	71, 66, 83, 89, 90, 91, 100, 101, 111, 114, 115, 124, 139, 140, 143, 144, 150, 155, 157, 82, 2, 4, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 34, 45, 53, 60, 3
B. Kama	Bava Kamma	Primary source	standard	68, 70, 69, 66, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 99, 101, 102, 106, 112, 116, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 140, 141, 146, 3, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 49, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 30, 51
B. M.	Buch Mose: book of Moses (5. B. M. = Deuteronomy)	Primary source	standard	103, 106, 114, 115, 127, 56
B. mez.	Bava Metzia	Primary source	standard	73, 75, 76, 81, 84, 91, 99, 107, 122, 124, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 144, 148, 140, scan0015, 13, 23, 28, 36, 48, 53, 57, 59, 60, 61, 3
babyl.	babylonisch: Babylonian (Talmud) → Babylonian	General	standard	50, XII
Bd.	Band: volume → vol.	General	standard	110, 121, 127, 138, 149, 102, 117, 128, 129, 154, 11, 39, VIII, IX
Ben-Chananja	Ben Chananja, monthly ed. Leopold Löw (Szegedin 1858–67)	Bibliography	general knowledge	IX
bibl.	biblisch: biblical → biblical	General	standard	100, 101, 103, 110, 113, 114, 115, 126, 127, 128, 129, 138, 54
Bibl. Alterth.	E. F. K. Rosenmüller, Handbuch der biblischen Alterthumskunde (Leipzig 1823–31)	Bibliography	Vorrede	76, 85, 109, 110, 121, 127, 149
Bochart	Samuel Bochart, Hierozoicon, sive de animalibus Sacrae Scripturae (Lewysohn used the Frankfurt a. M. 1675 edition)	Bibliography	Vorrede	68, 70, 65, 66, 72, 76, 86, 91, 92, 96, 101, 110, 114, 126, 139, 149, 155, 156, IX
Buxdorf	Johannes Buxtorf, Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum et Rabbinicum (Basel 1640)	Bibliography	standard	78, 82, 98, 114, 126, 76, 63
Buxtorf	Johannes Buxtorf, Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum et Rabbinicum (Basel 1640)	Bibliography	standard	144
Cap.	Capitel: chapter → ch.	General	standard	137, 5, 23, 24, 26, 44, 45, 50, 18, 19, 57
d. h.	das heißt: that is → i.e.	General	standard	69, 95, 114, 115, 120, 139, 146, 152, 117, 118, 3, 15, 16, 27, 31, 36, 38
d. i.	das ist: that is → i.e.	General	standard	64, 66, 78, 85, 90, 91, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 122, 125, 126, 127, 141, 144, 145, 153, 81, 118, 123, 129, 140, 3, 5, 24, 34, 36, 40, 46, 55, 58, 57, XII
D. m.	Doctor medicinae: physician	General	guess	scan0007
De gener.	Aristotle, On the Generation of Animals (De generatione animalium)	Primary source	standard	76
De ling. lat.	Varro, On the Latin Language (De lingua Latina)	Primary source	standard	71
Deut.	Deuteronomy	Primary source	standard	104, 115, 128, 150, 151, 93, 34
Edit.	Editio: edition → ed.	General	standard	IX
Exod.	Exodus	Primary source	standard	4, 23
Ezech.	Ezekiel	Primary source	standard	137, 152
fem.	femininum: feminine → fem.	General	standard	74, 82, 105, 115, 123, 140, 143, 146
Fem.	Femininum: feminine → fem.	General	standard	111, 118, 129
fr.	französisch: French → French	General	standard	98
Fr. Jacobs	Friedrich Jacobs, editor of Aelian, De natura animalium (Jena 1832)	Bibliography	general knowledge	69
Frankf. a. M.	Frankfurt am Main → Frankfurt am Main	General	standard	IX
franz.	französisch: French → French	General	standard	41
Fürst	Julius Fürst, Hebräisches und chaldäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament (Leipzig 1857–61)	Bibliography	guess	68
Gen.	Genesis	Primary source	standard	71, 65, 136, 144, 129, 26, 57, 62
Gesenius	Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew lexicon (probably Thesaurus linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti, 1829–58)	Bibliography	guess	68, 139
Gillius	Petrus Gyllius (Pierre Gilles), Latin translator of Aelian (Lyon 1533)	Bibliography	general knowledge	69
gr.	griechisch: Greek → Greek	General	standard	67, 73, 94, 122, 140, 153, 82, 118, 143, 31, 41, 45, 52
griech.	griechisch: Greek → Greek	General	standard	94, 51
h. n.	Pliny the Elder, Natural History (Naturalis historia)	Primary source	standard	75, 76, 85, 91, 95, 97, 101, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 116, 126, 142, 145, 151, 134, 10, 50
hal.	Halacha (a paragraph of the Jerusalem Talmud) → halakhah	General	standard	44
hebr.	hebräisch: Hebrew → Hebrew	General	standard	72, 89, 94, 100, 113, 149, 153, 45, 47, 24, IX
Hebr.	Hebräische: Hebrew → Hebrew	General	standard	76, 118
Hft.	Heft: issue → issue	General	standard	VIII
Hiero.	Samuel Bochart, Hierozoicon (Frankfurt a. M. 1675 edition)	Bibliography	Vorrede	86
Hieroz.	Samuel Bochart, Hierozoicon (Frankfurt a. M. 1675 edition)	Bibliography	Vorrede	65, 92, 96, 101, 110, 126, 155
Il.	Homer, Iliad	Primary source	standard	83
illum.	illuminirt: coloured → coloured	General	standard	IX
ital.	italienisch: Italian → Italian	General	standard	86, 125, 137, 141, 142, 38, 57
Jahrg.	Jahrgang: annual volume → vol.	General	standard	78, 79, 138, 151, 154, 82, 148, 6, 50
Jahrh.	Jahrhundert: century → century	General	standard	138
Jalk. Schim.	Yalkut Shimoni	Primary source	standard	68, 73, 61, 54, XII
Jerem.	Jeremiah	Primary source	standard	72, 79, 90, 23
jerus. Talm.	jerusalemischer Talmud → Jerusalem Talmud	General	standard	124, 76, 99, 24, 29, 32, 44, 45, 3, 11, 26, 50, 54, 55, 57
jerusalem.	jerusalemisch: Jerusalem (Talmud) → Jerusalem	General	standard	71, 88, 101, 102, 144, 137, 5, XII
Jes.	Isaiah	Primary source	standard	68, 90, 104, 109, 126, 128, 135, 82, 23, 24
Jonathan	Targum (Pseudo-)Jonathan	Primary source	general knowledge	71, 90, 129, 56
Koh.	Ecclesiastes (Kohelet)	Primary source	standard	65
Kusari	Judah ha-Levi, Sefer ha-Kuzari	Primary source	standard	87, 25, 33, 50, 10, 19, VIII, IX
Kön.	Kings (German Könige)	Primary source	standard	82, 149, 47
L. Bl. d. Orients	Literaturblatt des Orients (Leipzig 1840–51), the literary supplement of Der Orient	Bibliography	standard	110, 129, 158
L. Bl. des Orients	Literaturblatt des Orients (Leipzig 1840–51), the literary supplement of Der Orient	Bibliography	standard	118, 140, 47
l. c.	loco citato: in the work cited above	General	standard	69, 70, 71, 65, 66, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 114, 116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 126, 127, 129, 136, 143, 146, 147, 154, 157, 128, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 36, 40, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 31, 34, 59
lat.	lateinisch: Latin → Latin	General	standard	83, 115, 82, 140, 52, 58
Lehrb. d. Zool.	F. S. Voigt, Lehrbuch der Zoologie (Stuttgart 1835–40)	Bibliography	standard	9
Lev.	Leviticus	Primary source	standard	104, 110, 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 33, 35, 41, 34, 48
Lit. Bl. des Orient's	Literaturblatt des Orients (Leipzig 1840–51), the literary supplement of Der Orient	Bibliography	standard	IX
M. Katan	Moed Katan	Primary source	standard	82, 85, 102, 107, 134, 137, 138, 140, 146, 4, 23, 32, 33, 34, 35, 58, 59, 39
masc.	masculinum: masculine → masc.	General	standard	65, 115
Midr.	Midrash	Primary source	standard	124, 147, 150, 5, 45, 50
Midr. Jalk. Schim.	Midrash Yalkut Shimoni	Primary source	standard	70, 139, 151, 81
Midr. Rabba	Midrash Rabbah	Primary source	standard	66, 78, 26, scan0015, 10, XII
Monatsschrift für Ges. u. Wissensch. des Judenth.	Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, ed. Zacharias Frankel (Dresden, from 1851)	Bibliography	standard	138
Monatsschrift für Gesch. und Wissensch. d. Judenth.	Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, ed. Zacharias Frankel (Dresden, from 1851)	Bibliography	standard	VIII
Mytholog. Wörterb.	F. Nork, Etymologisch-symbolisch-mythologisches Real-Wörterbuch (Stuttgart 1843–45)	Bibliography	guess	86
Münster	Sebastian Münster (1488–1552), Hebraist; probably his Dictionarium Chaldaicum (Basel 1527)	Bibliography	guess	71, 87, 126, 142
N. G.	Aristotle, History of Animals (Historia animalium; German title Naturgeschichte)	Primary source	general knowledge	76
Naturg.	Aristotle, History of Animals (Historia animalium; German title Naturgeschichte)	Primary source	general knowledge	70, 147
Nehem.	Nehemiah	Primary source	standard	87
Nr.	Nummer: number → no.	General	standard	129, scan0007, IX
Nrn.	Nummern: numbers → nos.	General	standard	IX
O. S.	Oberschlesien: Upper Silesia → Upper Silesia	General	standard	scan0005
ob.	oben: above → above	General	standard	86, 97, 110, 143, 17
Or. Ester	Jonah Bondi, Or Esther, a dictionary of the foreign words in the Talmud	Bibliography	guess	58
Philes	Manuel Philes, On the Characteristics of Animals (De animalium proprietate), 14th-century Greek poem	Bibliography	general knowledge	69
Pl.	Plural → pl.	General	standard	68, 66, 119, 142, 144, 118, 61
Plin. h. n.	Pliny the Elder, Natural History (Naturalis historia)	Primary source	standard	84, 91, 108, 115, 71, 8
Pred.	Ecclesiastes (German Prediger)	Primary source	standard	scan0006
Prov.	Proverbs	Primary source	standard	89, 110
Proverb.	Proverbs	Primary source	standard	115, 52
Ps.	Psalms	Primary source	standard	69, 150, 151, 82, 148, 149, 6
R. ha-Schana	Rosh Hashanah	Primary source	standard	115, 118, 9, 28
R. W.	G. B. Winer, Biblisches Realwörterbuch	Bibliography	general knowledge	109, 110, 111, 149
Ralbag	Rabbi Levi ben Gershom (Gersonides, 1288–1344)	Bibliography	standard	IX
Rosenmüller	E. F. K. Rosenmüller, Handbuch der biblischen Alterthumskunde, vol. 4, part 2 (Leipzig 1831)	Bibliography	Vorrede	68, 76, 85, 109, 110, 112, 114, 121, 124, 138, 149, 151, IX
S.	Seite: page → p.	General	standard	69, 71, 64, 65, 66, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 131, 138, 140, 142, 143, 148, 149, 151, 152, 154, 157, 117, 128, 137, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 32, 33, 36, 38, 39, 42, 58, 62, 2, 4, 6, 47, 57, 60, VIII, XII, scan0007, IX
s.	siehe: see → see	General	standard	69, 68, 71, 66, 67, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 149, 155, 156, 98, 102, 123, 146, 148, 151, 152, 158, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 3, 11, 18, 39, 50, 53, 57, VIII, XII, IX
S. Ar. Ch. Mispat	Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat	Primary source	standard	36, 2
s. h. v.	sub hac voce: under this word → s.v.	General	standard	32
s. v.	sub voce: under the word → s.v.	General	standard	66, 67, 87, 94, 99, 101, 112, 115, 122, 123, 128, 135, 138, 144, 149, 150, 155, 158, 82, 109, 121, 143, 146, 148, 152, 156, 4, 13, 15, 21, 34, 49, 52, 55, 58, 60, scan0015, 6, 11, 18, 33
Sam.	Samuel	Primary source	standard	34
Sch. Aruch	Shulchan Aruch	Primary source	standard	126, 30, 45
span.	spanisch: Spanish → Spanish	General	standard	100, 41, 31, 38
Spr. Sal.	Proverbs (German Sprüche Salomo's)	Primary source	standard	23
St. const.	Status constructus: construct state → construct state	General	standard	65
Stich.	Plautus, Stichus	Primary source	standard	10
Tal. Jerus.	Talmud Jerusalemitanum → Jerusalem Talmud	General	standard	54
talm.	talmudisch: Talmudic → Talmudic	General	standard	144, 128, 50
Talm. jerus.	Talmud jerusalemitanum → Jerusalem Talmud	General	standard	112, 18
Th.	Theil: part → part	General	standard	68, 70, 65, 110, 111, 115, 139, 151, 73, 81, 124, 147, 150, 61, 62, 50, 54, IX
Thierg.	Aelian, On the Nature of Animals (De natura animalium; German title Thiergeschichte)	Primary source	general knowledge	70, 69, 76, 101, 106, 111, 112, 146, 148, 152, 153, 158, 134, 8, 9, 50
Thl.	Theil: part → part	General	standard	2
Tos.	Tosafot	Primary source	standard	66, 94, 101, 112, 115, 146, 4, 13, 15, 21, 34, 38, 60
u. A.	und Andere: and others → and others	General	standard	76, 114, 126, 142, 17, 28, 34, 50, 58, VIII, IX
u. a. m.	und andere mehr: and others → etc.	General	standard	66, 91, 140, 117, 151, 24, 46, 57, 62, 2
u. s. w.	und so weiter: and so on → etc.	General	standard	109, 126, 78, scan0015, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 33, 36, 43, 59, XI, scan0007, IX
unt.	unten: below → below	General	standard	16, 29, 38, 52, scan0015
Verf.	Verfasser: author → author	General	standard	IX
vergl.	vergleiche: compare → cf.	General	standard	86, 89, 94, 109, 115, 116, 120, 123, 126, 128, 130, 131, 31, 37, 42, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, scan0015, 10, 53, 57, IX
Vergl.	Vergleiche: compare → Cf.	General	standard	89, 131, 145, 85, 101, 132, 49, 50, scan0015, scan0007, VIII
vgl.	vergleiche: compare → cf.	General	standard	69, 67, 77, 82, 85, 94, 107, 110, 114, 118, 131, 144, 148, 154, 89, 146, 147, 150, 4, 8, 10, 15, 17, 20, 21, 25, 26, 33, 35, 46, 47, 3, 5, 9, 13, 19, 31, 34, 36, 39, 60
Vgl.	Vergleiche: compare → Cf.	General	standard	68, 114, 115, 118, 135, 146, 151, 158, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 26, 2, 52, 61
Voigt	F. S. Voigt, Lehrbuch der Zoologie (Stuttgart 1835–40); the text names it (p. 9: "Voigt, Lehrb. d. Zool.")	Bibliography	standard	69, 71, 64, 65, 66, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, 97, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113, 116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 126, 127, 129, 131, 143, 148, 154, 157, 128, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 22, 25, 26, 36, 2
z. B.	zum Beispiel: for example → e.g.	General	standard	127, 128, 151, scan0015, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 42, 45, 24, 62, VIII, IX
z. d. St.	zu der Stelle: on the passage → on the passage	General	standard	71